In the Wake of the Storm: The Importance of Preparation for Museums and Heritage Sites

Satellite image of Hurricane Michael, 2018 
(courtesy of NOAA)

 In 2018 Hurricane Michael hit the Florida panhandle and continued up into southern Georgia. The damage was unlike anything seen in the area in recent history and many were unprepared for such an intense storm. The wind and storm surge wreaked havoc on both coastal and inland communities, destroying countless homes and businesses. Another victim of the storm were many small community museums, historic landmarks, and historic cemeteries, many of which still remain closed or damaged to this day.

Rapidly intensifying storms are becoming increasingly common, and scientific data suggests that this trend will continue as the global climate continues to warm. The frequency of category 4 and 5 hurricanes (category 4 having wind speeds of 130 mph  to 156 mph, and category 5 having wind speeds of 157 mph or greater) is increasing as a result of climate change. A storm with a wind speed of 150 mph has 256 times the damage potential of a storm with a wind speed of 75mph. The amount of rain is also increasing, as a warmer climate can retain more moisture. This flooding, along with storm surge, has the potential to damage not only coastal sites and structures, but also those located inland. Recall the amount of flooding sustained by the Muscogee Tribe of Florida, located in Bruce, during Hurricane Sally. Scientific data suggests that both wind and storm surge damage will increase faster than the U.S. economy is expected to grow. Additionally, there is an anticipated increase in the number of storms that will impact the Southeastern U.S. 

Tarped roof of historic structure at the 
Panhandle Pioneer Settlement Museum in 
Blountstown, Florida after Hurricane 
Michael. 

We are used to boarding up our home and our businesses, but if we want to ensure that our heritage resources are protected as well, we need to start considering them in our hurricane preparedness plans. As we responded to heritage sites damaged by Hurricane Michael, it became apparent that many of these locations didn’t have a plan in place for hurricanes, or really any disaster event. And we can’t really blame them. Nobody anticipated such a significant storm, and it had been years since a high intensity storm hit the panhandle with such force. 

There is a lot that even a small, financially strapped, museum can do to help ensure their collections and buildings have a chance of surviving a storm with minimal damage. After seeing the damage of Hurricane Michael, we felt it was our responsibility to get that information out and encourage heritage sites to create a disaster preparedness plan. The fact is, with climate change, eventually most sites will have to turn to their preparedness plan eventually. Besides that, something as simple as a busted pipe can be devastating without a plan in place to respond swiftly. Many were hoping that FEMA would provide significant resources, but that was not necessarily the case for many. First, FEMA funds take time and can leave you waiting while your collection sits and rots. Most FEMA programs require that the institution front the cost and then apply for reimbursement, and require that the repaired damage then be insured. Many small museums cannot afford this. Preparing ahead of time is the safest and surest way to protect your resources. For that reason, FPAN has developed the Disasters and Museum Preparedness (DaMP) workshop, which highlights some of the easiest and most useful steps a heritage site can take to help protect their resources in the event of an emergency. If your heritage site is interested in learning more, please contact your local FPAN office. Even during the pandemic, we are able to provide this workshop virtually to those interested. We are currently at the end of hurricane season, but now is the time to start preparing for the 2021 hurricane season. 

Resources:

Natural Disaster Recovery Resources for Museums and Libraries: https://www.imls.gov/blog/2017/09/natural-disaster-recovery-resources-museums-and-libraries

Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale (Hurricane categories by wind speed):

https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/aboutsshws.php

How Climate Change is Making Hurricanes More Dangerous (Yale Climate Connections): https://yaleclimateconnections.org/2019/07/how-climate-change-is-making-hurricanes-more-dangerous/?gclid=Cj0KCQiA5bz-BRD-ARIsABjT4nhIafQ2O7YGrYpvtD9kEWy1lI8-3mtu1bA-O9ILw3vfyZ069eXTY74aAhuSEALw_wcB

Heritage Emergency and Response Training:

https://culturalrescue.si.edu/what-we-do/resilience/heritage-emergency-and-response-training-heart/

FPAN Zoom Into Archaeology: Heritage at Risk

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-FIHhXweE7k&t=5s

Rest in Peace: Protecting Historic Cemeteries from Natural Disasters

In October 2018, Hurricane Michael hit the Gulf Coast of Florida. The impact from this storm was more
devastating and widespread than anyone had anticipated. Not only were coastal communities severely impacted,
but the reach of the storm was felt all the way into Southern Georgia. Countless historical and archaeological
sites were impacted, including many historic cemeteries. Over time patterns of damage have emerged. There is
much that we can learn from these patterns to ensure historic cemeteries are adequately prepared for natural
disasters. Both archaeologists and cemetery managers need to work together to ensure historic cemeteries are
adequately prepared for natural disasters, especially as intensity and frequency of storms continue to increase
due to climate change. 

A tree uprooted during Hurricane Michael and
took with it curbing, headstones, and ledgers.

Hurricane Michael:

•Made landfall near Mexico Beach on October 10, 2018.

•First Category 5 to hit Florida since Andrew in 1992.

•Maximum sustained winds of 160 mph.

•59 deaths in the U.S., 15 deaths in Latin America.

•Caused an estimated $25.1 billion in damages in U.S.

•An estimated $6.23 billion in insurance claims.

•14 ft. storm surge flattened homes in Mexico Beach.

•Caused major structural damage as far inland as Mariana, 54 miles from the coast.

Damage Trends to Cemeteries after Hurricane Michael:

•Large ruts caused by  response vehicles driving on saturated ground.

•Trees uprooted, taking with them ledgers, curbing, headstones, possibly exposing human

remains.

•Large limbs falling and damaging monuments.

•Fallen trees landing on graves and markers.

•Large holes resulting from fallen trees and limbs.

•Fences damaged by powerline poles and trees.

•Wind and water primary concerns

•Storm surge

•Coastal erosion

•Ground saturation

Hurricane Damage to Cemeteries:

EVALUATE YOUR RISK

Response protocol should include pre-established contractors to call upon, volunteers to call on and chain of
command. It is also important to figure out what law enforcement district your cemetery is in and who patrols
your cemetery. Maintain a relationship with them and know how you can expect them to respond to emergency
situations. Make sure any drains you have on property are clear of debris and trash. Prior to a storm event, if
possible, pick up loose debris and ornaments and store in a secure location.

Assess your ability to recover:

•Staff/Volunteers

•Recovery Funds

•Insurance

•Include response protocol in cemetery management plan

Assess your surroundings:

•Trees

•Roads

•Drainage

•Structures

•Markers/Monuments

Historic headstones require the care of a
conservator that specializes in using appropriate
materials for repair. 

Tree Considerations:

One of the most beautiful things about historic cemeteries are the big trees, but they can pose a hazard if not
properly maintained. Pruned trees have a 70% survival rate, while unpruned trees only have a 46% survival rate.
Trees need maintenance, they cannot  simply be left to grow if you want to minimize the chances that they will
cause damage. Use a licensed and insured ISA certified arborist. Live oaks and a few other species will actually
shed their leaves prior to a storm as a way to decrease wind resistance. Planting different aged trees will ensure
you don’t end up with an empty field after a storm or after a long time as they naturally die. Any trees that are
dead or dying, have thick canopies, or have co-dominant trunks should be assessed to determine how to make
them safe.  Winds that are 35 mph or higher can damage any tree.

•Trees together fare better than isolated trees.

•Many arborist companies will evaluate trees for free.

•Remove “widow makers” and dead/diseased trees.

•Plant a variety of types and ages to maintain diversity.

•Loss of leaves doesn’t always mean they are dead.

•Old trees don’t weather storms as well as young trees.

•Properly pruned trees survive better and are less likely to fall.

•Soil compaction increases risk of fall during storm (avoid driving on or near roots).

•Never cut roots shorter than five times the trunk diameter.

•Fast growing trees more likely than slow growing trees to sustain damage.

Falling trees can also damage historic iron works which can
be difficult to repair.

Cemetery Monuments:

Evaluate your monuments before a storm, after a storm and on a regular basis to keep tabs on any

 potential issues. Talk to a conservator about any scaffolding or supports that may be helpful during

 a storm to stabilize leaning or damaged monuments. Documenting before the storm may be useful

 when applying for grants, funds or insurance money after storm. Again, know who you are going to

 call before a storm.  They will be busy after a storm and it may be difficult to find someone to help 

in a timely manner if you are cold calling after a disaster! Have a plan in place for how to deal with 

damaged stones after a storm. 

•Have them assessed by a conservator and repaired as necessary.

•Do a thorough documentation before a storm strikes.

•Setting compound is not adequate, metal or fiberglass pins should be used to prevent monuments

from slipping due to vandals or weather.

•Have a pre-established conservator you can call after a storm or when concerns arise (consider the

same with an arborist).

A few notes regarding FEMA funds:

FEMA funding is very limited and many people have unrealistic expectations due to a lack of 

understanding of what they will cover. Know if your cemetery is eligible before the storm, and know 

that FEMA will deal with basic needs first, so cemeteries may not be addressed immediately. It is not

 recommended that a historic cemetery or any historic resource rely on them as a primary source of

 recovery funding. It is better to create a fundraising campaign to start an escrow account or another

 means of emergency funding that will be readily available after an emergency.

Only public cemeteries are usually eligible for FEMA funds. FEMA limits monument repair to only 

those where it is the legal responsibility of the applicant. So states that have limited liability for

 monument damage have thus precluded obtaining any federal funding from FEMA. The governor of

 the state impacted must request the help and it is county specific. FEMA funds are primarily for 

debris removal, but remember it is reimbursable to qualified cemeteries, so you must have the

 initial funds to pay for the removal.

What archaeologists can do:

•Make contact and develop relationships with cemetery managers.

•Provide education (see FPAN’s Cemetery Resource Protection Training) and educate yourself.

•Encourage cemeteries to have a current management plan that includes disaster planning and

 response.

•Be available for questions and assistance.

•Establish relationships with disaster management agencies and organizations. 

Helpful Resources:

•Chicora Foundation Cemetery Disaster Planning

                  https://www.chicora.org/pdfs/Cemetery%20Disaster%20Planning.pdf

•National Center for Preservation Technology and Training (NCPTT)

                  https://www.ncptt.nps.gov/

•Natural Hazards Center

https://hazards.colorado.edu/article/preserving-the-dead-cemetery-preservation-and-disaster-planning

•“Be Prepared”, Heritage Collections Council (free book for download)
https://aiccm.org.au/disaster/disaster-planning

•CRPT Alliance Facebook Page

•Your local FPAN Regional Center