In October 2018, Hurricane Michael hit the Gulf Coast of Florida. The impact from this storm was more
devastating and widespread than anyone had anticipated. Not only were coastal communities severely impacted,
but the reach of the storm was felt all the way into Southern Georgia. Countless historical and archaeological
sites were impacted, including many historic cemeteries. Over time patterns of damage have emerged. There is
much that we can learn from these patterns to ensure historic cemeteries are adequately prepared for natural
disasters. Both archaeologists and cemetery managers need to work together to ensure historic cemeteries are
adequately prepared for natural disasters, especially as intensity and frequency of storms continue to increase
due to climate change.
devastating and widespread than anyone had anticipated. Not only were coastal communities severely impacted,
but the reach of the storm was felt all the way into Southern Georgia. Countless historical and archaeological
sites were impacted, including many historic cemeteries. Over time patterns of damage have emerged. There is
much that we can learn from these patterns to ensure historic cemeteries are adequately prepared for natural
disasters. Both archaeologists and cemetery managers need to work together to ensure historic cemeteries are
adequately prepared for natural disasters, especially as intensity and frequency of storms continue to increase
due to climate change.
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| A tree uprooted during Hurricane Michael and took with it curbing, headstones, and ledgers. |
•Made landfall near Mexico Beach on October 10, 2018.
•First Category 5 to hit Florida since Andrew in 1992.
•Maximum sustained winds of 160 mph.
•59 deaths in the U.S., 15 deaths in Latin America.
•Caused an estimated $25.1 billion in damages in U.S.
•An estimated $6.23 billion in insurance claims.
•14 ft. storm surge flattened homes in Mexico Beach.
•Caused major structural damage as far inland as Mariana, 54 miles from the coast.
Damage Trends to Cemeteries after Hurricane Michael:
•Large ruts caused by response vehicles driving on saturated ground.
•Trees uprooted, taking with them ledgers, curbing, headstones, possibly exposing human
remains.
•Large limbs falling and damaging monuments.
•Fallen trees landing on graves and markers.
•Large holes resulting from fallen trees and limbs.
•Fences damaged by powerline poles and trees.
•Wind and water primary concerns
•Storm surge
•Coastal erosion
•Ground saturation
Hurricane Damage to Cemeteries:
EVALUATE YOUR RISK
Response protocol should include pre-established contractors to call upon, volunteers to call on and chain of
command. It is also important to figure out what law enforcement district your cemetery is in and who patrols
your cemetery. Maintain a relationship with them and know how you can expect them to respond to emergency
situations. Make sure any drains you have on property are clear of debris and trash. Prior to a storm event, if
possible, pick up loose debris and ornaments and store in a secure location.
command. It is also important to figure out what law enforcement district your cemetery is in and who patrols
your cemetery. Maintain a relationship with them and know how you can expect them to respond to emergency
situations. Make sure any drains you have on property are clear of debris and trash. Prior to a storm event, if
possible, pick up loose debris and ornaments and store in a secure location.
Assess your ability to recover:
•Staff/Volunteers
•Recovery Funds
•Insurance
•Include response protocol in cemetery management plan
Assess your surroundings:
•Trees
•Roads
•Drainage
•Structures
•Markers/Monuments
Tree Considerations:
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| Historic headstones require the care of a conservator that specializes in using appropriate materials for repair. |
One of the most beautiful things about historic cemeteries are the big trees, but they can pose a hazard if not
properly maintained. Pruned trees have a 70% survival rate, while unpruned trees only have a 46% survival rate.
Trees need maintenance, they cannot simply be left to grow if you want to minimize the chances that they will
cause damage. Use a licensed and insured ISA certified arborist. Live oaks and a few other species will actually
shed their leaves prior to a storm as a way to decrease wind resistance. Planting different aged trees will ensure
you don’t end up with an empty field after a storm or after a long time as they naturally die. Any trees that are
dead or dying, have thick canopies, or have co-dominant trunks should be assessed to determine how to make
them safe. Winds that are 35 mph or higher can damage any tree.
properly maintained. Pruned trees have a 70% survival rate, while unpruned trees only have a 46% survival rate.
Trees need maintenance, they cannot simply be left to grow if you want to minimize the chances that they will
cause damage. Use a licensed and insured ISA certified arborist. Live oaks and a few other species will actually
shed their leaves prior to a storm as a way to decrease wind resistance. Planting different aged trees will ensure
you don’t end up with an empty field after a storm or after a long time as they naturally die. Any trees that are
dead or dying, have thick canopies, or have co-dominant trunks should be assessed to determine how to make
them safe. Winds that are 35 mph or higher can damage any tree.
•Trees together fare better than isolated trees.
•Many arborist companies will evaluate trees for free.
•Remove “widow makers” and dead/diseased trees.
•Plant a variety of types and ages to maintain diversity.
•Loss of leaves doesn’t always mean they are dead.
•Old trees don’t weather storms as well as young trees.
•Properly pruned trees survive better and are less likely to fall.
•Soil compaction increases risk of fall during storm (avoid driving on or near roots).
•Never cut roots shorter than five times the trunk diameter.
•Fast growing trees more likely than slow growing trees to sustain damage.
Cemetery Monuments:
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| Falling trees can also damage historic iron works which can be difficult to repair. |
Evaluate your monuments before a storm, after a storm and on a regular basis to keep tabs on any
potential issues. Talk to a conservator about any scaffolding or supports that may be helpful during
a storm to stabilize leaning or damaged monuments. Documenting before the storm may be useful
when applying for grants, funds or insurance money after storm. Again, know who you are going to
call before a storm. They will be busy after a storm and it may be difficult to find someone to help
in a timely manner if you are cold calling after a disaster! Have a plan in place for how to deal with
damaged stones after a storm.
•Have them assessed by a conservator and repaired as necessary.
•Do a thorough documentation before a storm strikes.
•Setting compound is not adequate, metal or fiberglass pins should be used to prevent monuments
from slipping due to vandals or weather.
•Have a pre-established conservator you can call after a storm or when concerns arise (consider the
same with an arborist).
A few notes regarding FEMA funds:
FEMA funding is very limited and many people have unrealistic expectations due to a lack of
understanding of what they will cover. Know if your cemetery is eligible before the storm, and know
that FEMA will deal with basic needs first, so cemeteries may not be addressed immediately. It is not
recommended that a historic cemetery or any historic resource rely on them as a primary source of
recovery funding. It is better to create a fundraising campaign to start an escrow account or another
means of emergency funding that will be readily available after an emergency.
Only public cemeteries are usually eligible for FEMA funds. FEMA limits monument repair to only
those where it is the legal responsibility of the applicant. So states that have limited liability for
monument damage have thus precluded obtaining any federal funding from FEMA. The governor of
the state impacted must request the help and it is county specific. FEMA funds are primarily for
debris removal, but remember it is reimbursable to qualified cemeteries, so you must have the
initial funds to pay for the removal.
What archaeologists can do:
•Make contact and develop relationships with cemetery managers.
•Provide education (see FPAN’s Cemetery Resource Protection Training) and educate yourself.
•Encourage cemeteries to have a current management plan that includes disaster planning and
response.
•Be available for questions and assistance.
•Establish relationships with disaster management agencies and organizations.
Helpful Resources:
•Chicora Foundation Cemetery Disaster Planning
•National Center for Preservation Technology and Training (NCPTT)
•Natural Hazards Center
https://hazards.colorado.edu/article/preserving-the-dead-cemetery-preservation-and-disaster-planning
•“Be Prepared”, Heritage Collections Council (free book for download)
https://aiccm.org.au/disaster/disaster-planning
https://aiccm.org.au/disaster/disaster-planning
•CRPT Alliance Facebook Page
•Your local FPAN Regional Center
